AVS 66 Session BI+AS+NS-MoM: Biofabrication, Bioanalytics, Biosensors, Diagnostics, Biolubrication and Wear

Despite the vast number of biomaterials and synthesis technologies available to treat bone defects and disease, few are readily employed for clinical use due in part to challenges in the development of materials that functionally mimic and facilitate the hierarchal processes of bone healing and regeneration. Calcium phosphate based bone replacement materials have been developed over the years for bioengineered bone structures due to their ability to mimic the general properties of mineralized bone. These bone replacement materials have mainly be fabricated in the form of hydroxyapatite (Hap), which can suffer from premature fracture when subjected to typical human load conditions. On the other hand, it is well known that enhanced osteobonding and bone growth results from the exposure of the bone to polarized Hap, which presents a negatively charged surface. Composite hydroxyapatite (Hap) – barium titanate scaffold materials are compared and contrasted with hydroxyapatite (Hap) samples for mechanical elastic moduli, compression strength and dielectric properties. Composite structures were observed to present better mechanical and dielectric properties when compared to HaP samples. For example, the elastic modulus of the HaP and composite samples were 2655.4 MPa and 3559.1 MPa, respectively. Understanding the interrelationship between scaffold architecture/material composition and mechano-transduction will improve our ability to realize patient specific solutions that eliminate hindrances to bone healing such as, lack of vascularization and lack of adequate mechanical stability.

Abstract: We built three types of plasmonic structures based on titanium nitride thin films by using the technique dc magnetron sputtering and D-shaped prisms as substrates. The prisms were made of glass or sapphire. Devices with structure Prism/TiN, Prism/TiN/SiO₂ and Prism/TiN/SiO₂/Nb₂O₅ were called devices type 1, type 2 and type 3, respectively. Attenuated Total Reflection in the Kretschmann configuration was studied in the three types of devices. Experimental angular spectra were fitted by using a calculation program based on the solutions to Maxwell equations. ATR spectra of devices type 1 show a wide absorption band. The main feature for ATR spectra of devices type 2 was a series of maxima and minima of reflectance within a wide absorption band. ATR spectra of devices type 3 are identified with a very sharp window within the absorption band. The spectra of devices type 2 and type 3 were associated with the phenomena of Multiple Plasmon Induced Transparency (MPIT) and Fano Resonance, respectively. Based on calculations of the square of the electric fields in the involved media, we proposed some simple phenomenological explanations for the phenomena of MPIT and Fano resonance. Potential use of these structures as refractive-index sensors was also discussed.

Biofouling, the growth of marine organisms on man-made structures, poses numerous challenges including >$15 billion additional fuel costs to vessel operators worldwide, cost and time for cleaning, corrosion issues, and negative environmental impacts. Anti-fouling coatings are the primary method of protection against this persistent problem, yet the widespread use of toxic, biocide-based coating products is causing even greater concerns for our environment and sustainability. Therefore, a groundbreaking coating solution is sought to protect both the environment and our properties.

Adaptive Surface Technologies has been developing a modular additive approach to address this problem. The SLIPS (Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces) effect (Physical module) has been successfully integrated with novel library of Surface Active Polymers (SAPs, Chemical module) to form what we call Active Performance Ingredients (APIs) that could be easily introduced as an additive in a conventional binder matrix to yield a coating formulation. I will discuss the synergistic effect of customized lubricant and SAPs in controlling biofouling without using biocides along with promising results in both laboratory and field tests. This new additive route can open up a new avenue in developing environmentally friendly, non-toxic functional additives and formulation strategies for industrial, architectural, interior, and medical coatings applications.

This work was in part funded by ARPA-E (Award no. DE-AR0000759) and completed with the generous support of the Office of Naval Research.

Protein detection biosensors are interesting tools for detecting and measuring the levels of specific proteins in biological and environmental samples, offering certain operational advantages over standard photometric methods, notably with respect to rapidity, ease-of-use, cost, simplicity, portability, and ease of mass manufacture. Although inkjet printed electrode based sensor is widely reported, the number of fully inkjet printed biosensors is still limited [1,2]. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a flexible field-effect transistor (FET) for biosensing based on the inkjet printing technique, where the insulator layer is uniquely functionalized for Immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein detection. IgG is a plasma-cell protein that is produced within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, respiratory tract mucosa, tissue, etc. Since IgG protein is produced as part of the body's response to bacteria, viruses, and tissue antigens, measurement of blood IgG levels can reveal any of the body’s abnormal conditions. Until now, proteins are detected mostly by antibodies in analytical formats like ELISA, immunobead assay, western blotting, and microarrays, etc. but their performance is limited by low sensitivity. This new generation biosensor is more stable and well adapted to the conditions of real samples. The protein detection biosensor reported here represents an important starting point for the design and fabrication of flexible, rapid detection biosensing devices by inkjet printing. This work shows a promising aspect of protein detection that will pave the way for the development of a fully functional device for point-of-care diagnosis.

Reference:

[1] Jensen, G. C., Krause, C. E., Sotzing, G. A., & Rusling, J. F. (2011). Inkjet-printed gold nanoparticle electrochemical arrays on plastic. Application to immunodetection of a cancer biomarker protein. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13(11), 4888-4894.

[2] Carvajal, S., Fera, S. N., Jones, A. L., Baldo, T. A., Mosa, I. M., Rusling, J. F., & Krause, C. E. (2018). Disposable inkjet-printed electrochemical platform for detection of clinically relevant HER-2 breast cancer biomarker. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 104, 158-162.

Silver being most widely used material due to its unique electrical and optical properties. Here we have investigated biosensing properties of silver nanorods array (AgNRs) fabricated by glancing angle deposition. GLAD grown silver nanorods are found to be highly sensitive and selective for hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas. Color and water wetting (contact angle) of AgNRs array are parameters affected in the presence of this gas. H₂S is one the major gaseous products evolved in bacterial metabolic process. On the basic of H₂S production, we have shown the detection of viability as well as antibiotic resistance in different strains of bacteria.

Another potential application of as synthesized AgNRs array in Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based detection. The dengue is a viral disease and a serious global health concern. About 2.5 billion of world’s population has been living at the risk of dengue infection. It causes a spectrum of illness ranges from acute febrile illness called dengue fever (DF) to more severe life threatening forms dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) causing vascular leakage that may lead to death. So far, neither specific treatment nor effective vaccine available for the prevention and treatment. Therefore, early detection is the key of the survival of the patients. The earlier symptom starts with mild dengue fever, at this stage the concentration of the biomarkers are very less which pose a problem in early detection. In the present study, we have demonstrated the detection of dengue from clinical blood samples employing AgNRs array as SERS substrates with hand held Raman spectrometer. A notable change in SERS spectral signature observed in the blood of dengue infected patients in comparison to that of healthy subject. This change was further confirmed using the statistical tool principal component analysis (PCA) and the samples were differentiated as healthy, dengue positive and dengue negative. All the blood samples were also dually verified with Antigen (NS1) as well as Antibody (IgM) ELISA kit. This method provides a field deployable, rapid diagnosis of dengue at its early stage.