AVS 68 Session MS-2DMS+2D+EM+NS-TuM: Direct Growth of 2D Materials, Including CVD and MBE

The recently discovered magnetic two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials [1, 2] provide ideal platforms to enable the atomic-thin, flexible, lightweight magneto-optical and magnetoelectric devices. Though many have hoped that the ultra-thinness of 2D magnets should allow an efficient control of magnetism, the state-of-the-art has not achieved notable breakthroughs to this end, with only proof-of-concept reports. There appear to be some fundamental obstacles for efficient control. In this talk, I will analyze the challenges and present our recent theoretical and experimental progress on efficient electrical and optical control of 2D magnetism [3-7]. We envision the efficient control of 2D magnets could open new avenues for the low-power spintronics and photonics.

1. C. Gong et al. Nature 546, 265-269 (2017).
2. C. Gong, X. Zhang. Science 363, eaav4450 (2019).
3. C. Gong, et al. Nature Communications 10, 2657 (2019).
4. S.-J. Gong, et al. PNAS 115, 8511-8516 (2018).
5. E.-W. Du, et al. Nano Letters 20, 7230-7236 (2020).
6. T. Xie, et al. under review (2022).
7. S. Liang, et al. under review (2022).

Wafer-scale epitaxial growth of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers such as MoS₂, WS₂ and WSe₂ is of significant interest for device applications to circumvent size limitations associated with the use of exfoliated flakes. Epitaxy is required to achieve single crystal films over large areas via coalescence of TMD domains. Our research has focused on epitaxial growth of 2D semiconducting TMDs on c-plane sapphire substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).Steps on the miscut sapphire surface serve as preferential sites for nucleation and can be used to induce a preferred crystallographic direction to the TMD domains which enables a reduction in twin boundaries in coalesced films. The step-directed growth is dependent on the surface termination of the sapphire which can be altered through pre-growth annealing in H₂ and chalcogen-rich environments. Uniform growth of TMD monolayers with significantly reduced inversion domains is demonstrated on 2” diameter c-plane sapphire substrates enabling large area transfer of monolayers for characterization and device fabrication and testing.Applications for wafer-scale TMD monolayers in nanoelectronics, sensing and photonics will be discussed.

Doping and alloying in 2D materials are efficient ways to tune the optical and electronic properties, induce new crystal structures and phases, and add new functionalities. In this talk, I will introduce how to precisely tailor the doping of 2D TMDs using non-equilibrium synthesis and processing techniques including chemical vapor deposition and hydrothermal laser implantation. By tailoring isoelectronic doping of chalcogens and metals in 2D TMDs (e.g., MoSe₂, WS₂) during CVD synthesis, the uniform alloys, gradient alloys, and lateral heterostructures are controlled grown on substrates which exhibit many novel properties including tunable bandgaps, enhanced photoluminescence, modulated charge carriers, etc. I will also describe a novel PLD approach with in situ diagnostics such as Raman and photoluminescence to sensitively tune the kinetic energies of Se clusters (3-5 eV/atom) to selectively implant Se atoms within monolayer WS₂ and MoS₂ crystals to form novel Janus WSSe and MoSSe monolayers. Synthesis science was supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Science, Materials Science and Engineering Division. This work was performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility.

NbSe₂, a metallic transition metal dichalcogenide, has been the focus of numerous recent scientific studies due to the coexistence of superconductivity and charge density wave states it exhibits at low temperature. While less studied, this material also exists in a metal rich, Nb-intercalated (self-intercalated) phase in which additional Nb atoms populate the van der Waals gap. The self-intercalated phase, Nb_1+xSe₂, has been studied in the bulk form since the 1960’s when it was synthesized by chemical vapor transport techniques; however, thin film synthesis of this material is rarely reported. Here we report on the growth of few layer Nb_1+xSe₂ by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We demonstrate that the degree of Nb-intercalation can be tuned through alteration of the Se to Nb flux ratio used during growth. Interestingly, we find that Nb-intercalation exists in all multilayer films, even under Se to Nb flux ratios as high as 45,000:1. The presence of Nb-intercalation results in an expansion of the material's c-axis lattice parameter which we measure using ex-situ x-ray diffraction (XRD). Chemical analysis of the grown thin films is carried out using in-situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and further confirms the Nb-rich nature of the grown thin films. The in-plane electrical conductivity is measured using a 4-point probe measurement tool and shows an inverse relationship with the Se to Nb flux ratio used during growth. Lastly, we also report on the thickness scaling of the material’s electrical conductivity down to few-layer thick Nb_1+xSe₂ thin films.

On-surface reactions offer a platform to design molecular-based low-dimensional nanomaterials whose chemical and electronic properties can be tailored by their chemical structure. The molecules’ functional groups and the reactivity of the substrates control the molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions, which steer the design of the obtained molecular structures.We present various surface reactions for creating 1D and 2D polymers, metal-organic networks, and organometallic structures on Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111).To identify their topography and chemical nature, we employ scanning tunnelling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy, and other surface characterization techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, complemented with density functional theory calculations.

The chemical and thermal stability and structural design of these molecular-based low-dimensional nanomaterials make them promising candidates for various applications. These materials are tailored to exhibit unique electronic properties, charge mobility and/or electron spin-based structure, suitable for carbon-based nanoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum technology applications.

References

[1] M. Ebrahimi, Nat. Chem. 14 (2022) 3-4

[2] M. Ebrahimi, F. Rosei, Nature 542 (2017) 423-424

[3] M. Ebrahimi, F. Rosei, Nat. Photonics 10 (2016) 434-436

[4] G. Galeotti et al., Nat. Mater. 19 (2020) 874-880

[5] G. Galeotti et al., Faraday Discuss. 204 (2017) 453-469

[6] F. De Marchi et al., Nanoscale 10 (2018) 16721-16729

[7] G. Galeotti et al., Chem. Sci. 10 (2019) 5167-5175

[8] C. Jing et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58 (2019) 18948-18956

[9] P. Ji et al., Small 16 (2020) 2002393